Upgrade to SDL Trados 2019

I have just upgraded Trados 2017 Freelance to 2019 Freelance Plus version with the sale of 40% discount as in my Email notification:

Point to upgrade SDL Trados with good prices

Wait until Black Friday Sale or Christmas Sale, usually 40%. The normal rate of discount during the year is about 30%.

In SDL's homepage, the sale is 45%, however, I couldn't get this discount from Vietnam:

Here's the options:

1. Buy SDL Trados 2019: 695 Euro → 379 Euro
2. Buy SDL Trados 2019 Plus: 855 Euro → 469 Euro
3. Upgrade 2017 → 2019: 225 Euro → 135 Euro
4. Upgrade 2017 → 2019 Plus: 385 Euro → 231 Euro

I chose to upgrade to 2019 Plus with 40% discount:

Price to upgrade from 2017 to 2019 Plus from Vietnam: 445 USD → 273 USD (40%).

Shoud we choose upgrade to Trados 2019 or Trados 2019 Plus?

With Plus version, we can work with Trados on 2 PCs at the same time, for example a desktop PC and a laptop. Although I don't work in 2 PCs, but if I upgrade to Trados 2019 Plus, it will be cheaper to upgrade from Trados 2019 Plus to, for example, Professional version in the future than from Trados 2019.

So, to utilizing the discount of 40%, I decided to upgrade to 2019 Plus. After purchasing, I can download Studio and MultiTerm from my account page:

Here's "What's new" in Trados 2019:

Create a new project in Trados 2019:

【日本語】トラドスを安くアップグレードするコツ

トラドスを安くアップグレードするには、年末のブラックフライデーかクリスマスのセールまで待ちましょう。

通常のディスカウントは30％ですが、年末のセールでは普通40～45％になります。

Freelanceバージョン（1台のパソコン）かFreelance Plusバージョン（2台のパソコン）か？

Yurica Fish - Vietnamese Japanese English Dictionary for looking up animal, fish, bird, insect names

Content: Vietnamese - Japanese - English dictionary for animal, fish, bird, insect, etc. names with more than 1000 entries (and counting). This dictionary covers most general animal names.

Screenshot of Yurica Fish Dictionary:

Yurica Fish Vietnamsese Dictionary

動物、魚、鳥、昆虫などの名前を引く英語・日本語・ベトナム語Yurica Fish辞書です。
URL: https://my.meonn.com/fish.php

言語：ベトナム語・日本語・英語
登録単語数：1000＋（随時に追加します）

Yurica Fishの目的はベトナム語・英語・日本語（ローマ字を含む）の動物、魚、鳥、昆虫などの名前を辞書で引くことです。

下記はYurica Fishがベトナム語名を日本語名に翻訳した動物です。

「Cá bông lau」（魚）のベトナム語→日本語訳

ベトナム語の音節における声調付けの位置

Abstract: Position of Vietnamese tone in a syllable
Example: hòa vs. hoà (both correct)

この記事にベトナム語の音節（syllable）における声調付けの位置について述べる。
例えば、hòaとhoàはどちらも正しく、どれを使うのは個人の好みである。

ベトナム語の音節における声調付けの位置のルール
ルール１：声調は母音にのみふられる。子音にふられない。

ルール２：母音が一つのみある場合、その母音にふる。
例：tá, hạt, cản, hỗn, hỏng, tầm

ルール３：音節が子音で終わる、かつ母音が二つある場合、声調を最後の母音にふる。
例：hoàng, huỳnh, khuếch, trưởng, oách, uýnh

ルール４：音節が子音で終わる、かつ母音が三つある場合、声調を真ん中の母音にふる。
例：khuỷu, ngoằn ngoèo, khuấy

ルール５：音節が二つの母音で終わる場合
この場合は声調をどちらの音節にふることも可能であるが、個人の好みで二つの流儀にわける。

①最初の母音に声調をふる（いわゆるベトナム語の旧声調付け）

òa, óa, ỏa, õa, ọa

òe, óe, ỏe, õe, ọe

ùy, úy, ủy, ũy, ụy

②最後の母音に声調をふる（いわゆるベトナム語の新声調付け）

oà, oá, oả, oã, oạ

oè, oé, oẻ, oẽ, oẹ

uỳ, uý, uỷ, uỹ, uỵ

筆者は①ベトナム語の旧声調付けを好む。理由はきれいに見えるからである。

しかし②ベトナム語の新声調付けを好む人も相当いる。理由は、例えばhoạをhoạtにするなら単に「t」を追加すれば良いからである。

これはVNIという入力方法を使う人に好まれるだろう。VNIを使うと、ベトナム語の文字を一つひとつ入力して、h→o→ạ→tという順になるのだ。

しかし、TELEX等の入力方法を使うと、すべて必要な文字を入力してから変換する。例えばhoatj + 変換（スペース） = hoạt。

このため、TELEXの入力方法を使う場合、声調は自動的に付けられるからどちらかの母音に声調をふることを意識しなくても良い。

ところで、私はGõ Tiếng Việt（Vietnamese Typing）というソフトウェアを使っているが、どちらの母音に声調を付けるかの設定がある。

「Đặt dấu thanh oà, uý (thay vì òa, úy)」のチェックボックスにチェックを入れると、hoá, tuỳなどのように最後の母音に声調を付けられる。Unikeyなどのベトナム語入力ソフトウェアはすべて同じ機能があるはずだ。

ベトナム語声調付けの位置を変換するツール

hoà→hòa：https://my.meonn.com/henkan.php?m=tonepos1
hòa→hoà：https://my.meonn.com/henkan.php?m=tonepos2

めおんベトナム語翻訳では指定がない限り、①最初の母音に声調をふるベトナム語の旧声調付けを採用する。

©めおんベトナム語翻訳

「さん」のベトナム語翻訳

Mさんなど「さん」（敬称）のベトナム語翻訳は意外に難しいです。なぜなら、ベトナム語では性別（男性・女性）、年齢、関係、目上・目下により「さん」の翻訳は異なります。

男性の場合：
・Ông：年を取った男性、または男性の一般的な正式な敬称
・Anh：若い男性、または自分との年齢の差が小さい年上の男性に対する敬称

女性の場合：
・Bà：年を取った女性、または女性の一般的な正式な敬称
・Chị：若い女性、または自分との年齢の差が小さい年上の女性に対する敬称

性別と関係なく、中立にしたい場合は、「Bạn」（友人／あなたなど）を使いますが、同じ年齢か年下の人に使ったら問題はないのですが、目上、上司に使うと失礼かもしれません。

日本の苗字だけでは性別がわからないため、男性に翻訳するか、女性に翻訳するかは迷いますね。また、年齢（特に第一人称との年齢の差が決め手）もわからないからどのように「さん」を正確にベトナム語に訳すかは頭痛の種です。

めいおんベトナム語翻訳では、下記のようにします。

「さん」という敬称をベトナム語に翻訳する方法

「〇▲はないか」のベトナム語翻訳

「〇▲はないか」のベトナム語翻訳は簡単なようでよく間違えられたものです。

例：
漏れはないか。

経験の浅い翻訳者なら次のベトナム語にするでしょう。

ベトナム語：Có bị rò rỉ không?

ここで「漏れ」はrò rỉ / bị rò rỉ（bịは何かの被害などを受ける意味、漢字は「被る」）で良いのですが、上記のベトナム語を英語にすると以下となります。

英語：Is there (any) leakage?
→日本語に訳すと「漏れはあるか」となってしまいます。

つまり、「ない」から翻訳すると「ある」となったわけです。これはまずいですね。

ベトナム語では「ある＝có」、「ない＝không / không có」ですが、「Có bị rò rỉ không?」という訳文には「ない」の翻訳はありません。

「〇▲はないか」の正しいベトナム語翻訳は下記です。

越語：Có KHÔNG bị rò rỉ không?
英語：Is there NO leakages?

「〇▲はないか」のニュアンス

「漏れはないか。」は「漏れがないこと」を期待してチェック項目にしたというニュアンスでしょう。

ですから、ベトナム語に訳するときも同じニュアンスにする必要はあります。

ニュアンスもきちんと伝える翻訳にするのは、ベトナム語翻訳者の品格です。
めおん翻訳

How to make Analyze Files Reports in Trados

We can analyze all files or a file or some files in Trados for "Word count with news words, fuzzy matches, 100% match and repetitions" using Analyze Files Reports.

If you create a Trados project, you get the full analysis by default. The result includes analysis data for total project (all files in the project) and analysis data for any single file.

However, you can also make an Analyze Files Report for a file or some files at any moment, using function Analyze Files in Batch Tasks and the report will appear in 'Reports' in left bottom corner.

Here's a sample for analysis date of a file:

Data items: PerfectMatch, Context Match, Repetitions, Cross-file Repetitions, 100%, 95% - 99%, 85% - 94%, 75% - 84%, 50% - 74%, New/AT, AdaptiveMT Baseline, AdaptiveMT with Learnings, Total.

How to make Analyze Files Reports in Trados

Choose file(s) you want to analyze, or choose a project to analyze all files in the project, then choose 'Analyze Files' from 'Batch Tasks':

'Next >':

Fix 不良 and 類 bugs in Trados termbase

趣旨：トラドス2017が「不良」と「類」という用語を認識・検索できないことを説明する。これを含む翻訳セグメント（センテンス）は用語の認識ができないため、訳しづらく効率が悪い。この記事でその対策を講じる。

SDL Trados Studio 2017 has bugs with 不良 and 類 as it cannot search and suggest translation for these terms (不良 and 類).

Therefore, if a sentence (translation segment) has one of these terms, no translation options will be shown not only for 不良 and 類 but for other terms in the sentence as well.

Bug of 不良:
"Searching for terms" in Term Regconition panel forever:

Same with 類:

Here's the list of Japanese terms unable or difficult to search in Trados 2017:

List of unfavorable Japanese terms in Trados 2017

不良　× (unable to search)
類　　× (unable to search)
良好　△ (difficult  to search)
種類　△ (difficult  to search)
衣類　△ (difficult  to search)

... and counting. (See full list below)

Terms like 良好, 種類, 衣類 are only difficult to search, to add to termbase, etc. but you still can deal with them, so they still work in Trados (no need to fix them). I listed them here just for reference purpose in the future.

More detail and solution for 不良 and 類 bugs in Trados 2017

Conversion between Full-width (全角) and Half-width (半角) Japanese letters

全角と半角の変換ツール。
Tool to convert between Full-width and Half-width according to this conversion table.

Full-width (全角) => Half-width (半角) conversion:

• https://my.meonn.com/henkan.php?m=zen2han

Half-width  (半角)=> Full-width (全角) conversion:

• https://my.meonn.com/henkan.php?m=han2zen

全角と半角のベトナム語翻訳

Vietnamese and English translation of 全角 and 半角

Testing using date and year TM (translation memory) in Trados

Using this Excel to make a TM file (.TMX) and import to Trados TM (see guide):

Here's the result using this TM to translate document automatically:

Mark T.

Convert Excel termbase to Translation Memory in Trados

趣旨：エクセル用語（ベース）から翻訳メモリ（TM）へ変換する

My purpose is to get dates and time in Japanese automatically translated into Vietnamese dates and time.
Example:
12時34分56秒 => 12 giờ 34 phút 56 giây

I have created a termbase to translate dates but it does not work correctly with entries starts with numbers. This issue inspires me to create a translation memory (TM) to get dates and time translated automatically.

Step 1:

To do this, first I create an Excel file with 2 columns:

First column: Phrases to be translated

Second column: Translated phrases

Step 2:

Then I use a free tool (for Trados user) call Glossary Converter downloaded from SDL* AppStore to convert the Excel file into TM file (.tmx format).

Simply DRAG and DROP the Excel file into Glossary Converter window.

Glossary Converter, a free tool to convert Excel to Translation Memory

Step 3:

Finally, I create a TM using Trados SDL and import the above .tmx file.

THE FULL PICTURE GUIDE: EXCEL TO TM CONVERSION

Test of creating a date termbase

内容：和暦と陽暦や日付を翻訳する用語ベースの作成

I've made a Trados termbase to translate between Japanese calendar (和暦), Western calendar (陽暦) and dates in Japanese, English, Vietnamese like this:

However, it does not work well with numbers:

Trados does not regconize the dates correctly due to numbers.

It works fine with Japanese years starting with kanji letters:

ベトナム語名をカタカナに自動的に変換するツール

English: Online tool to automatically convert Vietnamese names and sentences to Japanese katakana

ベトナム語の人名、地名など、ベトナム語の文章をカタカナに変換するツールを開発しました。用途はベトナム語人名などのカタカナの読み方を知ることなどです。

ベトナム語→カタカナの自動変換ツール：

• https://my.meonn.com/vi2kata.php

ベトナム語・カタカナ自動変換ツールの特徴

上記の変換結果の例を見てみましょう。

原文（ベトナム語文）：　Đứng dang tay trước núi non hùng vĩ, giang sơn cẩm tú.
推薦（お名前用など）：　ドゥン　ザン　タイ　チュオク　ヌイ　ノン　フン　ヴィ、ジャン　ソン　カム　トゥ。 Copy
簡単（南部方言など）：　ドゥン　ジャン　タイ　チュオク　ヌイ　ノン　フン　ヴィ、ジャン　ソン　カム　トゥ。 Copy
中庸（中部方言など）：　ドゥーン　ザーン　ターイ　チュオク　ヌイ　ノン　フーン　ヴィー、ジャーン　ソン　カム　トゥー。 Copy
複雑（北部方言など）：　ドゥング　ザング　ターイ　チュオック　ヌイ　ノン　フング　ヴィー、ザング　ソン　カム　トゥー。 Copy

ベトナム語原文は４通りのカタカナ発音に変換されます。
「推薦」変換はベトナム語を簡潔なカタカナに変換するというオプションであり、人名、地名などに適しています。
「簡単」はベトナム南部の発音（南部方言）などのカタカナ変換です。
「中庸」はベトナム中部方言などを表すカタカナ変換です。
「複雑」はベトナム北部方言などを表すカタカナ変換です。

推薦変換では、できるだけ小さい「つ」（っ）と長音（－）を避けます。

南部方言ではd (dz)とgi (j)、anhとangなどを区別しません。
北部方言ではそれぞれ区別します。

変換結果をそれぞれの「Copy」ボタンをクリックすると、Clipboardにコピーされるため、便利です。
Mark T.

[Diary] Add Chrome right-click context menu for my online dictionary

(See the simplest way to add right-click menu to look up in customized dictionaries below - no need to code)

I want to add a right-click context menu in Chrome browser to search a selected word or phrase in my online dictionary, for example:

https://my.meonn.com/look.php?mylook=XXX
(This dictionary is for test only, not a practical one)

When I selected a word XXX in Chrome and right-click it, there will be an option to look up it in my online dictionary (URL above).

It's like 'Search Google for "XXX"' in this picture:

So I follow this tutorial Can I add right-click options in Google Chrome? to:
- Create a manifest file call "manifest.json"
- Create a html file call "yurica.html" (function script)
- Create icon files: "icon16.png" and "icon48.png"

"manifest.json"

Using Javascript to copy selected word in my online dictionary

I want some text or word selected in my online dictionary to be put in the look up input field and copied to clipboard in order to look up that new word or phrase, and to copy to my offline Trados termbase (using SDL MultiTerm).

Demo:

Input field:
Select and copy some text from here:

This is a paragraph to test using Javascript to select and copy some text or word to clipboard.

Just select some text above and it will be copied to the input field.

DEBUG: It didn't work at the first time. The reason is I put the script before my PHP engine generates my HTML content (using like "<?php print $html; ?>"). Browsers will read this Javascript before my dictionary HTML content so nothing happens. To solve this problem, I put this script at the end of my dictionary PHP file.

This is the picture of what happen (in case Javascript does not work in your environment):

My Javascript code (see below for the original tutorial):

Using SDL MultiTerm Widget to look up words

After installed SDL MultiTerm Widget, it will start each time you start Windows and its icon appears in taskbar:

Click the icon to open it:

Now you can type the word you want to look up and Enter to show the result, for example to look up 通訳 (interpret):

Is there any way to look up a word in SDL MultiTerm Widget without retyping it? Especially a word on a website?

How to create a Project Package in Trados

Here's Trados SDL's guide to Create Project Package: Create Project Package Wizard.

Use the Create Project Package wizard to create project packages that contain all of the files that need to be sent to a project team member in order for them to commence work on the project. Project packages have an extension of *sdlppx.
To display this wizard, select Project > Create Project Package from the menu bar in any view or select files in the Files view, right-click and then select Create Project Package from the shortcut menu.

Picture:

Choose a project and click 'Create Project Package' icon in Home ribbon.

However, in Freelance license, this function is disabled:

Saying "Please upgrade your license to enable this feature".

I did search about licensing: About Editions and Licensing

Freelance
SDL Trados Studio 2009 Freelance is different from the Professional version in the following ways:
You can only work with five languages. You cannot change your language selections later.
You can use AutoSuggest dictionaries but you cannot create them.
NOTE
If you want to create AutoSuggest dictionaries, a separate AutoSuggest license enables you to do this.
You cannot use SDL Trados Studio 2009 Freelance on a computer that is part of a domain-based corporate network.
You can open and work with project packages but you cannot create them. You can create return packages to return your completed work.
You cannot create custom task sequences.

You must have a Professional license to create Project Packages.

By the way, price of SDL Trados Studio 2019 (Single User) at this momment is 2,495 Euros at SDL Trasos Store.

Mark T.

How to Create Return Package in Trados

Sometimes our clients send us Trados Project Package (***.sdlppx file) for we to translate, review or fix. We must send them a Return Package.

Here's how to create a return package (***.sdlrpx file) from a project package.

1. Double click project package file (.sdlppx file) to open as a project.
2. In the left panel click 'Projects' to show all current project.
Click to choose project package.
3. In Home ribbon, there's an icon called 'Create Return Package', click it and save return package file (.sdlrpx file).

Look like this:

Project package and return package files when saved in same folder:

The project package file (.sdlppx) has an icon of an open box and green arrow pointed inside.
The return package file (.sdlrpx) has an icon of a taped closed box.

Trados's guide for Creating a return package: How to Return Completed Work in a Return Package

Mark T.

How to edit Translation Memory (TM) in Trados

Double click TM you want to edit to open it.

Click 'Perform Search', input Source Text and/or Target Text to search the text you want to edit.
Edit the text, the line you editted will be highlighted.
Click 'Commit Changes'.

Click 'Yes' to confirm.
Warning: This action cannot be undone.

There're 2 options for Commit Changes:
- Commit Changes and Re-Apply Search
- Commit Changes and Clear Search

Meon Vietnamese Translation

Using AdaptiveMT (Adaptive Machine Translation) in Trados

How to enable and use AdaptiveMT (Adaptive Machine Translation) in Trados
1. Open your translation project, go to "Project Settings" > Choose 'Language Pairs' in left pane > 'All Language Pairs' > 'Translation Memory'
2. In right window click 'Use...' to see the droplist and choose 'SDL Language Cloud Machine Translation...'
3. Click 'Manage Adaptive Engines' > Click 'New Adaptive Engine' to add one > Input 'Engine Name', choose 'Source Language' and 'Target Language'

However, at this moment we can create AdaptiveMT engine for language pairs between English and one of theses languages: Chinese, Dutch, French, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish. Vietnamese language is not supported.

Picture guide to use AdaptiveMT in Trados:

How to install SDL MultiTerm Widget

How to download and using SDL MultiTerm Widget.

SDL MultiTerm Widget somehow disappeared from my PC when I re-installed or upgraded my SDL Studio 2017.

Here's Trados's guide to install and using SDL MultiTerm Widget with your Trados license for free.
Article: The SDL MultiTerm Widget and how to add custom search providers.

Search for SDL MultiTerm Widget at SDL AppStore: https://appstore.sdl.com/

Result: SDL MultiTerm Widget 2017 does not work with my SDL Studio 2017 (installed successfully but didn't start).

SDL MultiTerm Widget 2015 works fine:

How to download SDL MultiTerm Widget

The SDL MultiTerm Widget allows you to organize the vast number of terminology collections and search engines available on the internet and makes them available for you in one single place while you work. It is a desktop toolbar application that was developed to allow users who manage terminology to share this work across any medium.
In a nutshell the Widget provides features that enable everyone in your company to:
Look up terminology approved in MultiTerm termbase from within a browser, DTP tool, Microsoft Office applications, text editor and so on, without needing to have a complete terminology solution installed and without needing to know how to use one.
Look up words for their meaning or translation within predefined online dictionaries like Wikipedia or Leo.
Use more formal sources or online dictionaries from resources like IATE (InterActive Terminology for Europe) or Duden.
Go outside the world of terminology and plan your route using Google Maps, search for people on LinkedIn or look for a video on YouTube. The list is endless...
The Widget can be installed together with SDL MultiTerm 2011, but it is also available as a separate installer in the My Downloads area of your SDL Account area if you own SDL MultiTerm. You can also download it from the SDL OpenExchange.
The default Widget installer uses five predefined search providers:
SDL MultiTerm Widget (for MultiTerm Termbases)
Google
Bing
Linguee
Wikipedia

How to use SDL MultiTerm Widget

1. Install your SDL MultiTerm Widget and open it.
2. Click on the Configure button in the right upper corner
​3. Click on the Open Termbases button, find the termbase file *.sdltb on your machine (or server) and click OK
4. Configure your preferences.
5. Click on the Help button to open the online help pages for Setting up the SDL MultiTerm Widget.
6. When finished, click OK. You can use as many termbases as you like.
7. Once you have configured your settings, you are ready to use it. There are various options, depending on your personal preferences:
Select your word, for example download, and use your mouse shortcut (by default [Alt]+left button) or keyboard shortcut (by default [Ctrl+Alt+F8]):
You can also simply type in your search by calling up the Widget when needed

SGA Translation

トラドス：日本の数字とローマ字の数字は別物

In Trados, Japanese numbers (１２３４５６７８９０) and alphabet numbers (1234567890) are different.

トラドスの用語ベースにおいて日本語の数字（全角の数字、１２３４５６７８９０）とアルファベットの数字（半角の数字1234567890）は別物です。

用語ベース作成時に要注意です。両方追加する必要があります。
例えば「平成２７年」（全角）と「平成27年」（半角）です。
また、「平成二十七年」「平成二〇七年」も追加したほうが良いでしょう。

今回のテスト：
用語ベースには半角数字を使います。

翻訳時、全角数字は用語として認識されません。

が、半角数字は認識されます。

SGAベトナム語翻訳

Using Google Cloud Translation API (Google Translate) with Trados

In this article, I make a demo of utilizing Google Cloud Translation (Google Translate) service within Trados project. We need an API key of Google Cloud Platform for Google Cloud Translation service, which I will explain later.

WARNING: Using Google Translate may violate your non-disclosure agreement with your translation customer. Check with your customer prior to connecting to this translation provider. The use of Google Translate is recorded in the SDL XLIFF bilingual file during translation.

In short, your translation and your client's content will be availble in Google Translate service, which breaks your confidentiality obligation with your client.

趣旨：トラドスにおけるGoogle自動翻訳（Google Translate）の活用、Google Cloud Translation API
警告：Google Translateを活用するとクライアントとの守秘義務を違反することになりかねるため、事前にクライアントと確認する必要がある。

For safety, you should use Google Automated Translation to translate terms, phrases, sentences etc. not relating to your client.

Step 1: Open your Trados project > 'Project Settings' > 'Translation Memories and Automated Translation' > 'Use...' > 'Google Cloud Translation API...'

Step 2: Warning "...data will no longer be deemed confidential and could be stored by the third party supplier to train its machine translation engines. ..." > 'Yes'

【ベトナム語翻訳品質保証】定訳がない場合

定訳：standard translation、generally accepted translation

日本語の文書をベトナム語に翻訳するとき、定訳がない場合がある。ベトナム語に存在しなかったりあまり一般的な単語ではなかったりする。

この場合、ベトナム語翻訳の品質を保証するには、以下の対策を考える。

定訳がない場合のベトナム語翻訳品質保証の方法：

幾つかの翻訳を用意して、ベストな翻訳を使いながら、コメントをつける。

コメント内容はその説明、採用した翻訳を選んだ理由などである。

定訳がない場合のベトナム語翻訳方法

文字通り・性質・特徴・機能・用途などで翻訳する。

必ずコメントをつけて納品する。

というのは、新しい「翻訳の定訳」を創造するわけだ。

もちろん、定訳があるかないかを十分にインターネットで検索してから翻訳すべきである。

How to translated a term without standard translation (generally accepted translation) into Vietnamese

We should prepare several translations and pick the best one, then make a comment all the options and why we've chosen that translation.

To translate a term (concept) without standard accepted translation, we can translate it:

- Literally

- By its characteristic or feature

- By its function or application, etc.

Cách dịch thuật ngữ hay từ ngữ chuyên môn không có cách dịch tiêu chuẩn

Xác nhận không có cách dịch tiêu chuẩn trên Internet.

Dịch ra một vài cách và chọn cách tốt nhất, kèm comment để nêu ra các lựa chọn và giải thích vì sao chọn cách dịch đó.

Để dịch thuật ngữ hay khái niệm không có trong tiếng Việt thì có thể dịch theo Nghĩa đen - Tính chất - Đặc trưng - Chức năng - Mục đích sử dụng vv.

(C) SGA Vietnamese Translation★高品質なベトナム語翻訳

Plural forms in Vietnamese language

Words to form plural forms of nounds in Vietnamese language: các, những, chúng.

ベトナム語の複数形を成す単語：các, những, chúng
ベトナム語：（名詞の）複数形 = số nhiều, dạng số nhiều (của danh từ)

các（漢字：各): 複数形、plural form、「諸」、「各」、「毎」、「たち（達）」
例：các vấn đề = 諸問題, các nước = 諸国, các em = 諸君, các học sinh = 学生たち, các người = お前たち、あんたたち

những（漢字なし）：複数形、plural form、「諸」、「たち（達）」
例：những vấn đề = 諸問題, những nước ... = （ある条件・ことに該当する）国々

chúng（漢字：衆): 複数形、plural form、「衆」、「たち（達）」
例：chúng tôi = 私たち, chúng ta = 我々, chúng sinh = 衆生, chúng tớ = 俺たち, chúng bạn = （複数いる）友達, chúng mình = （私とあなたからなる）私たち、僕たち（二人の味方を指す場合が多いがその限りではない）。

「chúng」は主に「私たち」「俺たち」「我々」に使うのみです。「あなた（you）」、第三人称（họ = 彼等）、一般の名詞（「問題」、「国」、「人」など）には使わない。

cácとnhữngのニュアンスの違い